OKSANA
&
FERRON
CINCINNATI
MAYOR PUREVAL MEETS
OKSANA
OKSANA ZHURAVKSKA
at WANGLAW
READING FOR THE TIMES -  HABEAS CORPUS AND DUE PROCESS
AVAILABILITY AND LACK THEREOF FOR NON-CITIZENS IN TIMES
OF PEACE AND WAR.  To read article click
here.
To view
"Faces
of
Turkey"
click
here.
To view
"Hagia
Sophia"
click
here.
INTERETHNIC COUNCIL OF GREATER CINCINNATI, INC.
HAS A NEW HOMEPAGE AT
www.interethnic.net
Click on Photo to Visit
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Working the Tan Lines
on the bank of the Dead Sea
the Lowest Body of Water on Earth
more than 1300 feet below Sea Level
April 2010.
Somewhere near lie biblical Sodom & Gomorrah.

Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang
Four Elders from Uzbekistan in their many colored coats
Photocredit:  Boris Yusupov

Robert Harris & Charleston C. K. Wang
INFOCUS:
CHEMICAL
WEAPONS & THE
HUMANITARIAN CRISIS
IN SYRIA
Click on Photo
PLEASE CLIICK ON PHOTO TO SEE
COMPLETE PHOTONEWS SPECIAL
ON "THE FACES OF TURKEY."
To view
"The Church
of St. Peter
in Gallicantu"
click
here.
To read
"A Reflection
of Jerusalem
and the New
Jerusalem
from the Ground,"  
click
here.
To view
"Into  the
Heat of
the Hebron
Cauldon,"
\click
here.
To view "The
Garden of
Gethsemane and
Church of All
Nations," click

here.
To view
"Caesarea
Maritima as
Known to
Saint Paul,"
click
here.


TO RETURN TO FIRST PAGE NEWS, CLICK HERE

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>PAGE 1>  >PAGE 2>   >PAGE 3> >PAGE 4>  >PAGE 5> >PAGE 6>  
>PAGE 7> >PAGE 8>  >PAGE 9> >PAGE10> >PAGE11>
>PAGE 12> >PAGE 13>  >PAGE 14> >PAGE 15> >PAGE 16>

Photocredit for this page:  Charleston C. K. Wang
To view
"Wrath
of
Paul,"
click
here.
To view
"Herodion:
A Fortress
During the
Gospels,"
click
here.
THE WRATH OF PAUL
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
To view "In
Search of the
Messianic
Secret -
Caesarea
Phillipi,"
click
here.
To view
"Sufis
Rumi
Konya,"
click
here.
To view
"The Holy
Isle of
Patmos"
click
here.
EPHESUS OF ST. PAUL & ST. JOHN
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
THE HOLY ISLE OF PATMOS
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
To view "Two
Very Different
Houses" click

here.
THE WRATH OF PAUL
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
To view
"The Call for
Simon Peter,
Fisherman,"
click
here.

To read
"In Search
of Lazarus,"
click
here.
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
To read
"Hezekiah's
Tunnel
under the
City of David,"
click
here.
Mr. Nifadev applied for permanent resident status in March, 2017.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo

Robert Harris & Charleston C. K. Wang
A REAL UZBEK DYNASTY

Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang
A WIN IN THE U.S.  SIXTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS. On August 18, 2014 in Nifadev v. Holder, (Case No. 13-3704/4222
6th Cir. 2014), the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that Mikheil B. Nifadev has proven his claim that he
had suffered persecution by reason of his Russian ethnicity at the hands of the security and regular police of Uzbekistan.   The
Court vacated the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) in Washington, D.C. which had denied Mr. Nifadev asylum,
and the Court remanded the case with additional instructions to the United States Attorney General, including that the BIA should
determine whether the BIA should also reconsider its denial of Nifadev’s application for withholding of removal and protection
under Convention Against Torture (abbreviated CAT for Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment of the United Nations) in light of the opinion of the Court.  The Sixth Circuit opinion essentially and
explicitly held that
"[b]ecause the IJ [Immigration Judge] appears to have erred in her determination that Nifadev did not suffer
past persecution and because the IJ clearly misinterpreted Nifadev’s credible testimony regarding the ethnic animus of the
Uzbekistan security officials, we find that Nifadev has made out a credible case of being a refugee under the definitions of
8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A)."
 [Emphasis added].   The United States Immigration Court in Cleveland, Ohio, had initially
found Mr.  Nifadev and his witnesses to be credible but declined to grant asylum because it erroneously determined that
Mr. Nifadev had NOT suffered persecution.   Shown in photograph on the right is Mr. Mikheil B. Nifadev with Charleston
C. K. Wang, Esq.  who represented Mr. Nifadev during trial and both appeals. To read complete opinion, please
click here.

Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
PLEASE CLIICK ON PHOTO TO SEE
COMPLETE PHOTONEWS SPECIAL
ON "THE FACES OF TURKEY."
To view
Group
photos of
Cincinnati
Pilgrims in
Jerusalem
click
here.
To view
"Visitng the
Dome of the
Rock"
click
here.
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
THE WRATH OF PAUL
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
MEDITATING MEDITERRANEAN
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
THE WRATH OF PAUL
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W

Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang
```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````


















THE ASIAN AMERICAN HOUR has gotten bigger - we are now on the air weekly on public radio
WAIF-CINCINNATI 88.3 FM and our broadcast time has moved to prime-time  
THE ASIAN AMERICAN
HOUR
CONTINUES 24 YEARS ON THE AIR WITH WAIF 88.3 FM - Date of First Broadcast: 6/7/2001
THE ASIAN AMERICAN HOUR will continue to feature talk, and music, and other good things with a discernable slant
towards Asian American affairs, immigration, and many other issues of interest to our community-at-large.
 
THE ASIAN AMERICAN HOUR is produced and hosted by Charleston Wang, Esq. with John G. O'Neill.
as co-host, together with our distinguished guests.

So, tune in to
THE ASIAN AMERICAN HOUR on WAIF-CINCINNATI 88.3 FM. every Monday 5-6 PM. Get the latest on the
Asian American community in Cincinnati, the fast growing & mobile community in the Tri-state.   

After listening to the
THE ASIAN AMERICAN HOUR, e-mail us direct feedback and thoughts by clicking here.  If you or
a friend wish to be a guest on
THE  ASIAN AMERICAN HOUR,  please let us know.  Tune in to THE ASIAN AMERICAN  
HOUR
every Monday 5 - 6 PM on WAIF 88.3 FM Cincinnati on the air, or listen
Via internet streaming audio from anywhere in the world by clicking here.
Charleston C. K. Wang, Producer & Host
John G. O'Neill, Co-Host
Oksana Zhuravska,, Second Co-Host
NOVEMBER EXTRA 2025
O
ctober 2025 Extra  Click Here
Buy your MEIER'S Sparkling
Juices on-line by clicking here.
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Seminars on Current
Issues at Christ Church
Cathedral in the City of
Cincinnati
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"The
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To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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To view
"Medita-
ting Medi-
terra-nean,"
click
here.
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
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Monet's Garden & House
Click on Thumbnail
Mont Saint Michel
Click on Thumbnail
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
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To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CLICK ON PHOTO  TO
LISTEN TO  RECITATION
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
To view
"The
Empty
Tombs,"
click
here.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
THE FACES OF TURKEY
Oksana Zhuravska
D-Day, Normandy France
Click on Thumbnail
D-Day, Normandy France
Click on Thumbnail
Acropolis Athens
Click on Thumbnail
Attending Athens
Click on Thumbnail
To view
"Faces
of
Turkey"
click
here.
To view
"Hagia
Sophia"
click
here.
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
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Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang
INFOCUS:
CHEMICAL
WEAPONS & THE
HUMANITARIAN CRISIS
IN SYRIA
Click on Photo


TO RETURN TO FIRST PAGE NEWS, CLICK HERE

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>PAGE 1>  >PAGE 2>   >PAGE 3> >PAGE 4>  >PAGE 5> >PAGE 6>  
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>PAGE 12> >PAGE 13>  >PAGE 14> >PAGE 15> >PAGE 16>

Photocredit for this page:  Charleston C. K. Wang
To view
"Wrath
of
Paul,"
click
here.
To view
"Sufis
Rumi
Konya,"
click
here.
To view
"The Holy
Isle of
Patmos"
click
here.
EPHESUS OF ST. PAUL & ST. JOHN
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
THE HOLY ISLE OF PATMOS
Click here or on photo to see WANGNEWS Special
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Mr. Nifadev applied for permanent resident status in March, 2017.
INFOCUS:
CHEMICAL
WEAPONS & THE
HUMANITARIAN CRISIS
IN SYRIA
Click on Photo
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
BE THE CHANGE:
CIVIL RIGHTS &
IMMIGRATION REFORM
IN 2013
Pursuant to the Sixth Circuit opinion, the BIA on January 5, 2015, ordered the Immigration Court to grant asylum to Mr. Nifadev.
To read the BIA order, please
click here.

Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang
A WIN IN THE U.S.  SIXTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS. On August 18, 2014 in Nifadev v. Holder, (Case No. 13-3704/4222
6th Cir. 2014), the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that Mikheil B. Nifadev has proven his claim that he
had suffered persecution by reason of his Russian ethnicity at the hands of the security and regular police of Uzbekistan.   The
Court vacated the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) in Washington, D.C. which had denied Mr. Nifadev asylum,
and the Court remanded the case with additional instructions to the United States Attorney General, including that the BIA should
determine whether the BIA should also reconsider its denial of Nifadev’s application for withholding of removal and protection
under Convention Against Torture (abbreviated CAT for Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment of the United Nations) in light of the opinion of the Court.  The Sixth Circuit opinion essentially and
explicitly held that
"[b]ecause the IJ [Immigration Judge] appears to have erred in her determination that Nifadev did not suffer
past persecution and because the IJ clearly misinterpreted Nifadev’s credible testimony regarding the ethnic animus of the
Uzbekistan security officials, we find that Nifadev has made out a credible case of being a refugee under the definitions of
8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A)."
 [Emphasis added].   The United States Immigration Court in Cleveland, Ohio, had initially
found Mr.  Nifadev and his witnesses to be credible but declined to grant asylum because it erroneously determined that
Mr. Nifadev had NOT suffered persecution.   Shown in photograph on the right is Mr. Mikheil B. Nifadev with Charleston
C. K. Wang, Esq.  who represented Mr. Nifadev during trial and both appeals. To read complete opinion, please
click here.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
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LET'S PLAY! >
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Trihealth Pavilion  2015
SWIM THE COAST T-Shirt
Awarded Distance Swim
THIRTY FIVE (35) MILES
March 2015
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
To view
"Medita-
ting Medi-
terra-nean,"
click
here.
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
Monet's Garden & House
Click on Thumbnail
Mont Saint Michel
Click on Thumbnail
To view
"Istanbul"
click
here.
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Working the Tan Lines by the
Aegean of the Mediterranen
Beyond in the mist rises
fabled Patmos, May 2012
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
W
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLA
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Charleston C K Wang Speedo
Charleston C K Wang Speedo
CHARLESTON C. K. WANG
NAZLY MAMEDOVA
WANGLAW
To view
"Pilgrimage to
Bethlehem,
Birthplace
of Jesus,
click
here.
To read "Yad
Vashem, A
Monument &
Name to
Remember"  click

here
.
To read
"Descending
to the Dead Sea
and Ascending
to Qumran,"  
click
here.
D-Day, Normandy France
Click on Thumbnail
Charge of Light Brigade-Lord Alfred Tennyson
Last of Light Brigade-Rudyard Kipling
Recessional (Victorian Ode)-Rudyard Kipling
To read"The
Wilderness
of Abraham,
Jesus &
Israel-
Palestine,"
click
here.
To view
"In The
Upper
Room"
click \
here.
To read "Jury
for Jericho,"  
click
here.
To read "The
Road to
Emmaus,"  
click
here.
To read
"Confession of a
Gentile in
Jerusalem:  The
Paradox of the Five
Sheklim Blessing,"  
click
here.
Acropolis Athens
Click on Thumbnail
INFOCUS:
UNIVERSAL
EDUCATION
IN THE
WORLD -
Example of
Malala
Yousafzai
Click on Photo
Santorini Greece
Click on Thumbnail
To view
"Ephesus
of St. Paul
and
St. John"
click
here.

Bill Bell and Charleston C. K. Wang

V
More Photonews to come.
Visit www.wangnews.net again and soon!
V
V
UPDATE:  
On 11/02/2024, USCIS
Re-Opened and
on 12/19/2024
GRANTED
GREEN CARDS
to Channy Heng
& her three sons
Vannak, Vandy &
Vandet
(after 17 years
the last 3 years
litigating in
U.S. District Court
which on 9/30/2024
ruled for Family)
To read OPINION
click
here.
MAY MR. CHARLES OTIS CLAY. JR. NOW REST IN PEACE
THIS GALLANT AFRICAN AMERICAN U. S. MARINE
& VIETNAM COMBAT VETERAN
HAS DONE HIS DUTY TO COUNTRY AND FAMILY
HE IS REMEMBERED FONDLY
HAPPY CHINESE NEW YEAR 2025 OF THE SNAKE
恭喜发财
This is a 2022 moomoonews stock photo from Concert for Ukraine CLICK HERE
                    A CONVERSATION WITH GEORGE ORWELL (ORWELL SPEAKS IN ITALICS)

Now, it is noon hour.  I look out the picture window of that old farmhouse called Barnhill nestled in windswept Jura, an island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.

Quite puzzled, I muse to myself -  must be spring forward time, or something.  I say aloud in an uncertain voice, “I say, George, is it time to cancel daylight saving time?  We
really do not need this fiction anymore, in America that is!”   

In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it.

Irritated, I rebut with the words of that English bard William,  “Truth is truth until the end of reckoning!”

In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.

I muse - did George say 'revolution?'  I reply,  "George, did you say something about revolution?"

Every joke is a Tiny Revolution.  One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes a revolution in order to establish a dictatorship.

Uh, uh we are stuck in a rut of politics.  I  try to steer our conversation away from hard boiled politics for which Orwell is famous onto a more pleasant pastoral plane,  “How
are the animals on the farm getting along today, George?”

All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.

I muse - George is stuck on politics this morning all right.  I sigh and say aloud,  “George, please explain, I am confused.”

Four legs good, two legs bad.

I cut in, “Ah, Animal Farm!  Indeed, in American politics we speak of elephants and donkeys too.”

Four legs good, two legs better.

George just contradicted himself.  Exasperated, I move on  back to a more serious theme , “How can this War end?”

The quickest way of ending a war is to lose it.

I muse – for once George seems to be making some sense or is he?  I say aloud , “Really?"

The war is not meant to be won, it is meant to be continuous.

I muse incredulous – is George out of his mind?  I repeat a little louder, “Really, George?”

War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.

I muse – what’s this?  I say aloud, “George are you telling me self-defense is invasion, invasion is self-defense?”

Every war when it comes, or before it comes, is represented not as a war but as an act of self-defense against a homicidal maniac.

I muse – George actually agrees with me!  Or does he?  Intrigued, I say aloud, “George, tell me more!”

Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.

I repeat even louder, “Oh.  Really?”

And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed—if all records told the same tale—then the lie passed into history and became truth.

Now I am at a loss for words …..

The very concept of objective truth is fading out of the world. Lies will pass into history.

I am now able to ask,  “George, are you serious?”

There are some ideas so wrong that only a very intelligent person could believe in them.

Unsettled, I am compelled to demand, “George, are you out of your @!&!! mind?  Do you really mean it?  What are you saying?”

Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.

Happily, it is now half past twelve and time for sandwiches, scones and a nice cup of tea at farmhouse Barnhill.  After all is said and done, tea is one of the mainstays of
civilisation in this country and causes violent disputes over how it should be made!

George Orwell, born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903 in Motihari, India, is one of the greatest English language writers of the twentieth century.   He obtained an elite
education culminating with a King's scholarship at Eton.  He skipped university and instead became an Imperial police officer in Burma which at that time was a part of the
British Raj.   After six years, he resigned to become a journalist.  
Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) was his first full length work recalling his early years as a writer,
and the essay
Shooting An Elephant (1936) was the most memorable of the essays on life in Burma.   He volunteered to fight in the Spanish civil war against the totalitarian
forces (Fascist and Stalinist).  He was shot in the throat, only to survive the ordeal.  In 1939, Orwell published
Homage to Catalonia which focused on the fragility of truth
during war and objective reporting in the face of political propaganda and manipulation of news, and ultimately, of truth.   Throughout these years Orwell struggled with
chronic lung illness.   During World War II, he continued to write critical political works against totalitarianism.  After the War, Orwell published his masterpieces, the dystopian
novels
Animal Farm in 1946 and 1984 in 1949.  He succumbed to tuberculosis on January 31, 1950 at the age of 46.  The word Orwellian has passed into the English
vocabulary.

An Opinion March 25, 2025.  Charleston C K Wang is a lawyer in Cincinnati.  He grew up in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and studied at the secondary school Victoria Institution
where he was a Nugent Walsh scholar.  There,
Animal Farm was required reading. He first read 1984 while a freshman at the University of Delaware and has read it many
times over and then again.        

The Ganges Rising in the Southern Great Himalayas

Arthur's Pilgrimage to the Ganges in the Southern Great Himalayas,
and Kolkata, Rishikesh, Chandigarh  and Panchkula, INDIA

Arthur at Home  Ananda Village, Nevada City, California
Tulip Festival  May 2025
NAMASTE
MOOMOO SECRET DIET EXPOSED
Cong Jiang Chao Longxia, 葱姜炒龙虾
(Cantonese Ginger Scallion Lobster)
with California Chardonnay
DUCK BEIJING HOUSE
Sharonville Ohio USA 8/2/025
IT'S A FERRARI,Girl!
JUDGE SUSAN DLOTT
U. S. District Court Southern Ohio
GIVES THE OATH
to New Law Students
University of Cincinnati College of Law
August 22, 2025
With
JUDGE SUSAN DLOTT
U. S. District Court Southern Ohio
at University of Cincinnati
College of Law
August 22, 2025
Moomoo was a
law student once
and young
August 22, 2025
CITY OF MONTGOMERY OHIO
ANNUAL DIVERSITY DINNER
Mayor Ronald Messer
Welcomes Everyone
August 30, 2025
HAPPY
LABOR
DAY
2025
Poolside
Trihealth Pavilion
Blue Ash Ohio
Charleston C K Wang
Speedo Tan Lines Tanlnes
Cincinnati Ohio USA
Trihealth Pavilion
Click on photo to see more
Click on photo to see more
Click on photo to see more
Click on photo to see more
Oumar Ball & Oksana Zhuravska
WANGLAW
September 27, 2025
Annual Fall Festival
CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL
IN THE CITY OF CINCINNATI
Lytle Park, Cincinnati
September 28, 2025
Annual Fall Festival
CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL
IN THE CITY OF CINCINNATI
September 28, 2025
Jan Michel & Eric Kearney
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CINCINNATI ENQUIRER SUNDAY FORUM Sledgehammer Approach to Tariffs is Unwise,
Dangerous.  Your Turn Charleston C. K. Wang Guest Columnist April 20, 2025


On February 24, 2022, Vladimir Putin invaded Ukraine declaring a “special military operation.”   Putin was counting on his spetsnaz troops to be in control of Kiev in 10 days.  More than 3 years
later, this strange war in the bowels of Europe drags on with guns, bombs, and drones, fortified with threats from Putin to use Russia’s nuclear arsenal.

Carl von Clausewitz, in his classic treatise On War  wrote that “war is a continuation of politics by other means.”   In his day, the destruction was limited by the weaponry of the eighteenth
century.   Clausewitz next wrote that war is the “act where one nation imposes its will on that of the opponent.”   He was thinking of the use of military force, but today, wars are fought with
other means as we shall see.

World War II (1939-1945) witnessed  “total war”, a phrase which the Oxford Reference defines as  “a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants
involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded."   Towards the end of this war, two atomic bombs were detonated, this being the epitome of
“total war” as we now know it.

Since the founding of the United States, our Constitution has vested the duty to conduct war in the President.  The grant of such ultimate power is consistent with the plenary power doctrine,
which encompasses foreign relations, national security, and immigration.  However, because the Constitution envisioned a more perfect union based on check and balances and the sharing
of power between three branches, the plenary power of the President is never absolute.

Take for example, the plenary power to wage war is not absolute.  The War Powers Act requires the President to notify Congress when the military are deployed normally in  "a national
emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed force,” and limits such deployment to 60 days without approval from Congress.

Another example concerns the plenary power to conduct relations.  The Constitution empowers the President to make treaties, but only with the "advice and consent" of the Senate a two-
thirds vote for ratification.  A treaty is an agreement negotiated by the President and it essentially is a mutual covenant between the United States and a foreign state.   Treaties which are not
ratified are usually withdrawn.  Perhaps the most case is the refusal of the Senate to ratify the entry oof the United States into League of Nations as negotiated by President Woodrow Wilson
after World War I (1914-1918).    The isolationist foreign policy of the United States during the crucial two decades is another reason for the total war.

Mercifully, war today is waged with means other than guns and bombs.    Now, the  application of economic sanctions is another continuation of politics by a means other than the use of
military force.  The precise imposition of economic pressure over enough time is proven effective in preventing the escalation of on-going wars, and the eventual cessation of combat.  
Economic sanctions are powerful because all nations today are trade interdependent.

Finally, this essay will close with a discussion of the current use of the tariff by the United States in foreign relations.  The tariff is really a tax imposed on imported goods.  While paid to the
government by the importer company, some or all of this cost will be passed onto the consumer through an increase of the final retail price.   Consumption will decrease and the risk of an
economic slowdown or recession is increased.

Furthermore, historians and economists generally agree that the protectionist policies and the aggressive use of tariffs was a cause of World War II.  After the total defeat of the Fascism, the
United States led the world towards the reduction of tariffs and the promoted free trade across the globe.  In my opinion , this flourishing of international trade has prevented another World
War to this day.  We cannot forget that old cliché – nations who trade do not go to war.

Today, the sledgehammer application of tariffs against our trading partners is an unwise and dangerous policy for the United States.  It has the potential to turn long-time allies into neutral
powers and neutral trading partners into military adversaries.  Today, every sovereign nation has a well developed will of its own, economic and military, and the heavy handed imposition of
tariffs will lead to escalating trade wars with one or more of our big trading partners.   Warlike nations will take comfort to see the United State weakened by a self-inflicted trade war.   
Inflexible over=application of tariffs is a dangerous reset to 1930s which prolonged the Great Depression and led to a World War in 1939.

Arguably, the use of tariffs falls under the plenary power possessed by the President to conduct foreign relations.  However, this power like the power to make treaties should be shared
according to “the advice and consent” of the Senate.  While the Senate has been content to entrust much of the power and discretion to impose tariffs to the President, this does not mean
that Congress has totally yielded its Constitutional authority to the Executive, especially when a protracted, unmitigated global trade war threatens world economic stability and American
national security.

Charleston "C. K." Wang is a resident of Silverton and Cincinnati attorney.
November 4, 2025